A host of treasures hidden underneath and left on the ground

Hanoi (VNA) – A host of treasures hidden underneath and left on the ground over
1,300 years has earned the core of the Thang Long Imperial Citadel UNESCO
recognition as a world cultural heritage site.

The site encompasses the No. 18 Hoang Dieu archaeological site and the central axis
of the Hanoi ancient citadel which are nestled in the Forbidden Area in the
heart of Thang Long Imperial Citadel.

The area was the centre of the Dai La citadel under the Chinese Tang domination (7
th -8 th century).

It was called the Dai La citadel under the Dinh-Le dynasties (10 th century),
Thang Long, Dong Do, and Dong Kinh under the Ly dynasties (1009-1226), the Tran
dynasty (1226-1400), the Early Le dynasty (1428-1527), the Mac dynasty (1527-1592),
and Le Trung Hung (1593-1789) before becoming the Hanoi citadel under the Nguyen
dynasty (19 th century).

At the No. 18 Hoang Dieu archaeological site, scientists found imprints typical of
the Ly, Tran and Le dynasties that revealed much about the origin of Thang Long
Imperial Citadel more than 1,300 years ago.

Lying adjacent to Kinh Thien Palace to the west, the No. 18 Hoang Dieu
archeological site is a component of the Forbidden Area from the Ly dynasty to the
end of the Le Trung Hung era.

Covering a land area of 47,700 sq. m, the site is enclosed by Hoang Van Thu road to
the north, Bac Son road to the south, Hoang Dieu road to the east and Doc Lap road
to the west.

From December 2002 to March 2004, archaeologists excavated numerous artefacts on
19,000 sq. m of the site, exposing layers of cultures of different dynasties which
reigned in Vietnam and proving that Thang Long Imperial City played a
key role as a political centre throughout 1,300 years.

Architectural vestiges of palaces, pavilions, and the foundations of architectural
structures of the Imperial Citadel have also been revealed.

At the site, scientists found a cluster of architectural structures built on land
areas in rectangular and polygonal shapes, which were arranged in line with a
city’s standards.

They unearthed a great deal of decorative objects placed on the roofing of
architectural structures to provide proof of the ancient Vietnamese people’s
artistic skills in constructing big and magnificent works.

Those decorative objects included an earthen phoenix head dating from the 11 th -12
th century, an earthen dragon head from the 12 th century, earthen tube roof tiles
with Bodhi tree leaf and dragon decoration dated from the 12 th century.

Of them, with the majority made for the King, were transparent ceramic bowls
decorated with a five-toe dragon image dated to the 15 th century, and decorative
glazed terracotta pots made in the 10 th century.

At the 18 Hoang Dieu site, archaeologists unearthed many precious ceramic and glazed
terracotta items, architectural materials, jewellery, weapons, and metal artefacts,
of which many were personal objects of the kings and the royal families.

They also found a cannon weighing 100kg with a length of 1.2 m. It was carved with
the words, “Tu dai sung nhat hieu” (literally translated as “The first cannon
among four big cannons”).

A system of ancient wells was exposed, including two believed to exist in the Dai La
era, two built under the Ly dynasty, two under the Tran dynasty, and six under the
Le dynasty. These wells have similar shape and size as those found in the forbidden
citadels in Japan , China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea .

The No. 18 Hoang Dieu archaeological site has supplied clear evidence of the
site’s important role throughout the nation’s history, at least nearly 1,000
years, from 1010 to 1789.

Situated to the east of the 18 Hoang Dieu archaeological site is Hanoi ’s
ancient citadel area - the remainder of the central axis of the Vauban building.

The Vauban-styled building was built in the heart of the old Thang Long Citadel by
King Gia Long in 1803. The building, with a perimeter of 4km, served as the
headquarters of the Bac Thanh and the stop-over palace for the King during his
visits to the north.

At present, there sit the surrounding walls of the stop-over palace which were built
under the Nguyen dynasty in the 19 th century.

In the centre of the ancient citadel lies the foundation of Kinh Thien palace which
was constructed under the Early Le dynasty (1428).

Other construction works which still remain in the Hanoi ancient citadel were
mostly built from the 19 th century afterwards.

Walls and almost all gates of the Hanoi ancient citadel were built by the Nguyen
dynasty in early 19 th century when Thang Long was the headquarters of the Bac
Thanh and the King’s stop-over palace.

Many buildings inside the citadel were constructed by the French colonists during
the 1880’s after they occupied Hanoi .

There are also some important buildings built after 1954, which served as the
headquarters of the Defence Ministry until 2004.

The most important existing remains of the Kinh Thien Palace are its
foundations and the stone steps with a handrail carved in the shape of a dragon,
called the dragon's entrance.

The foundations are believed to have been built in 1428 and are seen as a Vietnamese
architectural masterpiece. The palace was situated at the centre of the Imperial
Citadel and the two dragons were carved from solid blocks of stone during the Early
Le dynasty in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Doan Mon, the southern gate, was the main entrance to Cam Thanh (the Forbidden
Area). The gate was built by the Early Le dynasty in the 15 th century and was
later upgraded in the 19 th century.

The U-shaped gate was built of brick and stones and measured 46.5m by 26.5m by 6m
and covers 3.970 m2. The Doan Mon Gate had five domed doors. The largest one in the
middle was for the King, flanked by two smaller ones, one for mandarins and the
other for members of the royal family.

The Ky Dai, flag tower, was built in 1805, the same time as the Vauban-styled citadel.

It was built on the former foundations of the Tam Mon, the outer gate of the
Forbidden Citadel during the Le dynasty. It is among the last remaining intact
structures from the Nguyen dynasty.

The tower, built in brick, has a square base with three storeys on top of it, each
one progressively smaller.

It is 33.4 m high and has a 54-step spiral staircase leading from the bottom to the
top of the tower where there is a 3.1 m-high observatory with a rectangular doorway
on each side and a 40cm diameter flagpole on the top.

The Hau Lau, Princess Pavilion, was built in 1821, but was destroyed at the end of
the 19th century. The remaining structure was rebuilt by the French.

Bac Mon, the northern gate, was built in 1805 and is the only remaining out of the
five gates of Hanoi citadel from the Nguyen dynasty. It is designed in the
trapezium architectural style, with each side sloped at an angle of 15 degrees.
Above the gate is a two-storey observatory tower with a curved roof and the
traditional spearhead.

The external wall was built in 1805 running from Doan Mon (southern gate) to
surround the internal palace, where the Nguyen Kings to work and rest when they
visited the north.

At present, the eight gates of the palace still remain and were recognised as relics
in 1925. Between 1954 and 2004, the Palace served as the headquarters of the High
Command of the Vietnam People's Army.


The French-styled buildings, the D57 bunker and the offices of the Party Central
Committee’s Politburo, the Central Military Committee, General Vo Nguyen Giap and
the headquarters of the General Staff of Vietnam People’s Army are now open for
visitors.

Relics from the Thang Long royal citadel have been recognised as a world cultural
heritage by UNESCO and have brought honour and pride to every Vietnamese citizen as
part of the nation’s cultural history.-Enditem